Quick Answer — How Long Will a Download Take?
Download time is file size divided by effective transfer rate, but the two are almost never quoted in matching units: Time = (File Size (bits))/(Connection Speed (bits per second)). File sizes are measured in bytes — KB, MB, GB, TB — while internet connection speeds are sold in bits per second — Kbps, Mbps, Gbps. Since 1 byte equals 8 bits, this single conversion factor is the most common source of a wrong download-time estimate.
The gotcha, concretely: an internet plan advertised as "100 Mbps" does not move 100 megabytes per second — it moves 100 megabits per second, which is 100 ÷ 8 = 12.5 MB/s. Someone who mentally treats "100 Mbps" as "100 MB/s" will underestimate their download time by a factor of 8.
Worked example: a 4 GB video file on a 50 Mbps connection. Convert the file to bits: 4 GB × 1,000,000,000 bytes/GB × 8 bits/byte = 32,000,000,000 bits. Convert speed to bits/sec: 50 Mbps × 1,000,000 = 50,000,000 bits/sec. Time = 32,000,000,000 ÷ 50,000,000 = 640 seconds, which is 10 minutes 40 seconds.